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By Michelle Valerio

In January 2013, a bipartisan group of lawmakers announced that they would unveil a draft of Immigration Reform Legislation in March 2013. However, last week lawmakers announced that, despite meeting several times a week to write the legislation, a draft might be delayed due to the congressional recess scheduled for the last week in March and first week in April. The goal is to release the legislation after the recess. According to the Associated Press, the biggest hurdle is designing a temporary worker program for low-skilled workers.

In addition, in a recent House subcommittee hearing on March 5, 2013, lawmakers discussed the need for changes in the nation’s high-skilled immigration system. Again, although there is a general agreement that reform is needed, the structure of the reform is still being debated. Most lawmakers agree that reform to high-skilled immigration can improve the U.S. economy, but lawmakers disagree on whether the reform should be focused on nonimmigrant visas (such as short-term work visas), permanent residency, or both. 

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By Scott Decker

New bills introduced in the House of Representatives will be considered as part of comprehensive immigration reform.

On February 4, 2013, Rep. Darrell Issa (R-CA) introduced three new immigration reform bills in the House of Representatives. The “STEM Jobs Act” (H.R. 459) would eliminate the diversity visa lottery program and would transfer the 55,000 immigrant visas from that program for use by foreign students that have received advanced degrees in science, technology, engineering and mathematics (STEM). Similar legislation passed the House of Representatives in November 2012. The “Fallen Heroes Family Act” (H.R. 458) would create the “W” non-immigrant visa category status for a foreign national parent or guardian of a U.S. citizen child born outside of the country when the deceased parent was an active-duty service member of the U.S. military. Finally, the “Criminal Alien Accountability Act” (H.R. 457) would impose mandatory minimum sentences on aliens that reenter the United States without authorization after having been removed for committing crimes in the United States.

The same day, Rep. Phil Gingrey, M.D. (R-GA) introduced the “E-Verify Modernization Act of 2013” (H.R. 478). This bill would make the E-Verify Program both permanent and mandatory for all U.S. employers. In addition, the bill would allow employers to wait until receipt of confirmation of the employee's identity and work eligibility before beginning to pay or train the employee, in essence turning E-Verify into a pre-hire screening tool. Finally, employers would be allowed to run current employees through E-Verify, but only if all current employees are screened, thus prohibiting employers from picking and choosing certain employees for additional scrutiny.

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For the past decade, lawmakers have discussed immigration reform, but changes to U.S. immigration laws have been minimal. During the 2012 election campaign President Obama pledged to place immigration reform at the top of his agenda. His re-election indicates that key voting blocs support immigration reform, and analysts on both sides of the political debate predict changes to current immigration law in 2013. Most recently, President Obama announced in Las Vegas his support for various proposed reforms, with the top contenders including: relief to undocumented workers; increased immigration enforcement; and an increase in the number of visas allotted to foreign nationals with STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering, and Math) degrees. In Littler's Insight, Workplace Policy Institute: Immigration Reform in 2013 - What U.S. Employers Can Expect, by Jorge Lopez, Michelle Valerio, Carol Williams, and Scott Decker, our attorneys provide a brief background on immigration reform, discuss the potential immigration reform measures, and conclude with the potential effects of immigration reform on U.S. employers.

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By Scott Decker

Two immigration reform bills recently introduced in the U.S. Senate will likely be included in the comprehensive immigration reform discussions currently underway in Congress. One is a “carrot,” providing additional visas for foreign investors, and the other is a “stick,” providing enhanced verification of workers’ employment authorization.

On January 30, 2013, Senators Mark Udall (D–CO) and Jeff Flake (R–AZ) announced their intention to reintroduce the bipartisan Startup Visa Act. The proposed bill would create an employment-based immigrant visa for alien entrepreneurs who have received significant capital from investors to establish a business in the United States. Under this proposal, immigrant entrepreneurs and foreign graduates of U.S. universities could apply for a two-year visa on the condition that they secure financing from a qualified U.S. investor and can demonstrate the ability to create U.S. jobs.

On January 31, 2013, Senator Charles Grassley (R–IA) introduced S. 202, the Accountability Through Electronic Verification Act of 2013. This bill proposes to expand the use of E-Verify, a voluntary internet-based system that allows businesses to determine the employment eligibility of their workers by comparing information reported on an employee’s Form I-9 to information in databases maintained by the Department of Homeland Security and the Social Security Administration. The Act would make use of the E-Verify program mandatory for all employers, allow employers to use E-Verify before a person is hired, and require employers to check the status of all current employees within 3 years. Moreover, employers would be required to terminate the employment of those found unauthorized to work due to a check through E-Verify.

Additional immigration-related bills are expected to be introduced in the coming weeks, consisting of additional “carrots” and “sticks.”  

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By Michelle Valerio

A group of Democrat and Republican senators released the Bipartisan Framework for Comprehensive Immigration Reform, the latest bipartisan effort for comprehensive immigration reform to fix the broken U.S. immigration system. Although the legislation is not drafted yet, the framework of the plan is based on the following four principles:

1. Providing a path to citizenship for unauthorized individuals currently residing in the United States, contingent upon improving border security and combating visa overstays.
2. Reforming the immigration system to improve the U.S. economy and strengthen American families.
3. Creating a mandatory electronic employment verification system – this system would differ from E-Verify, which is mandatory only for federal contractors and in some states.
4. Improving the process for issuing nonimmigrant work visas (i.e., H-1B, L-1, etc.).

The plan was made public today. The draft legislation is not expected to be unveiled until March, with the expectation that it will be voted on that month. President Obama is scheduled to speak tomorrow in Las Vegas, Nevada, where he is expected to provide a blueprint for his own immigration reform proposal.

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 By Ilyse Schuman 

The House of Representatives has decided to revisit a bill that would provide green cards to foreign students who earn certain high-level math and science degrees from U.S. universities. On November 29, the House adopted a resolution that will bring the STEM Jobs Act of 2012 (H.R. 6429) – a measure that would eliminate the diversity lottery green card program and instead redistribute 55,000 green cards to foreign students who graduate from a U.S. university with a Master’s or Ph.D. degree in science (excluding biological and biomedical fields), technology, engineering, or mathematics, the so-called “STEM” fields – to the House floor for a final vote. An earlier version of this bill failed to make headway in September when the House attempted to suspend its normal rules and pass the STEM Jobs Act outright, a procedural maneuver that requires a 2/3 majority vote. The final tally in favor of that measure was 257-158, about 30 votes shy of the amount needed. The House approved the rule to consider the latest STEM bill by a margin of 243-170.

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By Michelle Valerio

According to a study conducted by the National Conference of State Legislatures (NCSL), there was a 20% decrease in enacted immigration laws and resolutions in the first half of 2012, as compared to the first half of 2011. During the first half of 2012, 41 states enacted 114 bills and 92 resolutions relating to immigration; in contrast, there were 257 laws and resolutions enacted in the first half of 2011. The main factor causing this decrease likely was the uncertainty prior to the U.S. Supreme Court’s long-awaited decision on the Arizona immigration laws. Now that the Court has clarified the extent to which states can regulate immigration issues, the stage is being set for immigration reform in 2013. Washington State Representative Sharon Tomiko Santos, Co-Chair of the NCSL Immigration and the States Task Force, commented: “Whoever is elected president will need to work with both parties in Congress and address this issue. The can has been kicked down the road for too long, and states have suffered as a result. Come January, action at the federal level needs to happen.”

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Reproduced with permission from Law360. Copyright © Portfolio Media, Inc.

By Ian Macdonald

On June 25, 2012, the U.S. Supreme Court issued a split decision regarding Arizona’s 2010 immigration law, Senate Bill (SB) 1070. The court made clear that the federal government sets immigration policy and states will not be allowed to preempt federal powers.

States may, however, continue to require businesses to register for and use E-Verify. Recent debate makes it clear that neither U.S. Congress nor states will be allowed to ignore immigration issues.

In its decision, the Supreme Court recognized the challenges that Arizona faces as a result of undocumented workers. The court made it clear, however, that Arizona could not preempt federal law. The court struck down Section 3 of the Arizona law, which made it a crime for an individual to fail to apply for and carry proper immigration documentation showing lawful status.

The court also struck down Section 5, which made it illegal for an undocumented individual to apply for and perform work, and Section 6, which authorized the warrantless arrest of individuals where there is probable cause to believe the person has committed a public offense that makes the person removable from the United States.

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By Brent Wasser

New legislation authored by Senator John Cornyn, senior Republican on the Immigration, Refugees, and Border Security Subcommittee, would create 55,000 additional visas allocable to individuals who have earned a master’s or doctoral degree from a qualifying U.S. research institution. The bill aims to increase the global competiveness of American technology companies, who are short on talent with respect to high-tech workers such as engineers, mathematicians, and scientists. The bill has received considerable support from universities and high-tech industries in Senator Cornyn’s home state of Texas.

Importantly, the proposed legislation does not seek to increase the overall number of visas allocated to foreign nationals. Rather, it seeks to eliminate 55,000 diversity visas currently allocated to individuals from countries with low rates of migration to the United States. In place of the diversity visas, the narrowly written bill proposes to allocate 55,000 immigrant visas for eligible science, technology, engineering and mathematics (STEM) graduates (Master’s and Ph.D.) of qualifying U.S. research institutions who have job offers in related fields.

While it is unclear whether conservative Republicans will support the bill, Democrats, who currently make up the Senate majority, will likely oppose the legislation.

Photo credit: Cr-Management GmbH & Co. KG

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Rep. Sue Wilkins Myrick (R-NC) has reintroduced legislation that would amend the Immigration and Nationality Act to substantially increase employer penalties for violations. The 10k Run for the Border Act (H.R. 1698) would increase the fines for knowingly hiring or recruiting an undocumented worker, or continuing to employ an illegal alien when the employee’s legal status changes or becomes known.

Under the terms of this bill, an employer could be fined between $10,000 and $80,000 for each violation, an increase from the current $250-$2,000 penalty range. For an employer with a prior violation, the penalties would be increased to between $80,000 and $200,000, up from $2,000 to $5,000 per violation under current law. For a repeat offender, the fine skyrockets to a range of $120,000 to $1.6 million. The current fine for such a repeat offense is a minimum penalty of $3,000 and a maximum of $10,000.

If state or local law enforcement officials provide material assistance in investigating or prosecuting employers that are in violation of this law, they are entitled to 80 percent of the fines paid by those employers. It follows that such large financial incentives would increase enforcement.

The provisions of this amendment would take effect on the day of enactment. Prior versions of this bill have been introduced within the past six years, but have failed to advance.

Photo credit: Kameleon007

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On April 19, President Obama assembled a bipartisan group of current and former government officials, law enforcement representatives, and business, faith and civic leaders, to gather their input regarding possibilities for immigration reform. A White House press statement about the meeting stated that the President encouraged participants to take a public role and solicit input from their communities about how immigration reform can be achieved.

As reported by CNN, the President remains committed to reform, although he recognizes that progress will not be easy given the politically divided Congress. Even before the Democrats’ losses in the 2010 Congressional election, substantial reform proposals made during President Obama’s term, such as the DREAM Act, have been unsuccessful. USA Today reports that the President favors legislation that would simultaneously increase border security and offer current illegal immigrants a path to citizenship, although some Republican lawmakers contend that this would reward lawbreakers. 

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Arizona legislators continue to press forward with immigration-related proposals. State Senate President Russell Pearce, sponsor of the infamous SB 1070, recently introduced SB 1611 (pdf), a wide-ranging immigration enforcement bill. On February 22, 2011, the State Senate Appropriations Committee approved the bill by a 7-6 vote, with two committee Republicans voting against the bill, according to Courthouse News Service.

Of interest to employers is Section 9 of SB 1611, which would amend Arizona’s E-Verify statute. Since December 31, 2007, Arizona employers have been required to use E-Verify to authenticate new hires’ legal work status (Ariz. Rev. Stat § 23-214). SB 1611 amends that statute to permit business license suspension for failure to provide proof that the entity is registered with, and participating in, the E-Verify program. If the state attorney general discovers noncompliance, notice will be issued to the business, which will have six months to comply. If, after six months, the business remains noncompliant, the attorney general can petition a state court to order the appropriate agencies to suspend all licenses held by the business. The suspension will remain in effect until the business complies.

The bill’s other enforcement provisions include:

• making it a crime (punishable by a 30-day minimum jail sentence) to drive a motor vehicle while in the country illegally;
• requiring schools to collect information on students’ legal status and to report to law enforcement if families do not provide the necessary documents or if the documents appear false; and
• requiring public agencies to verify renters’ immigration status and to evict everyone living in a unit if any person living in that unit is found to be an illegal immigrant.

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On February 14, Senator Orrin Hatch (R-UT) re-introduced the “Strengthening Our Commitment to Legal Immigration and America’s Security Act” (S. 332). Senator Hatch first introduced this bill on September 29, 2010, but it died in committee. The current bill has been referred to the Senate Judiciary Committee. As outlined in our report of the bill’s initial introduction, Senator Hatch’s bill includes a long list of immigration enforcement provisions, such as requiring the IRS to notify Social Security number holders if the agency suspects fraudulent use of their number for employment verification purposes.

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Less than one month into the new session, the 112th Congress continues to introduce labor and employment-related bills at a rapid pace, including proposals relating to immigration. Representative Jeff Flake (R-AZ) re-introduced the Stopping Trained in America Ph.D.s From Leaving the Economy (STAPLE) Act of 2011 (H.R. 399), a bill that would exempt from visa quotas foreign students who have earned a Ph.D. degree in science, technology, engineering, or mathematics from a U.S. university and have a job offer in the United States. Senator Harry Reid (D-NV) introduced the Reform America's Broken Immigration System Act (S. 6), which calls for no specific reforms, but rather declares certain immigration-related goals. To learn more about the bills and their potential implications for employers, please continue reading at Littler's Washington D.C. Employment Law Update blog.

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On January 5, four Republican Congressmen, along with 26 co-sponsors, introduced H.R. 140, the Birthright Citizenship Act of 2011. This bill would amend the Immigration and Nationality Act’s birthright citizenship requirements (8 U.S.C. § 1401) so that individuals born in the United States will be granted citizenship only if at least one parent is:

• a U.S. citizen or national;
• a lawful U.S. permanent resident; or
• an alien performing active service in the armed forces.

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Despite no significant legislative advances concerning immigration during his first two years in office, and an upcoming legislative session with a Republican majority in the House and increased Republican presence in the Senate, President Obama told the Congressional Hispanic Caucus that he will continue to push for comprehensive immigration reform in 2011, reports Politico. Though the gesture was welcomed by caucus members, it remains uncertain whether Obama will find similar support in his own party given that many new, incoming legislators are veering to the right politically and pushing for more typically conservative initiatives like increased border control and enforcement. The President’s pledge came shortly after the Development, Relief and Education for Alien Minors Act (DREAM Act), which would have provided six years of conditional permanent residency to certain undocumented minors who have completed high school and then join the military or attend college for at least two years, failed to garner sufficient Senate votes to overcome a Republican filibuster.

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On December 18, 2010, a cloture motion fell five votes short of the 60 required to break a Republican filibuster of the Development, Relief and Education for Alien Minors Act (DREAM Act). On December 8, the House of Representatives had voted 216 to 198 in favor of the measure, but the Senate vote (55 to 41) effectively killed the measure for this legislative session.

The DREAM Act’s future remains uncertain because Republicans, who mostly oppose the measure, will have a majority in the House of Representatives and a stronger presence in the Senate in the forthcoming 112th Congress. Some supporters of the DREAM Act, however, were encouraged by the measure receiving majority backing in the Senate, including three yea votes from Republicans [Bennett (UT); Lugar (IN); Murkowski (AK)]. The New York Times reports that Democrats hope to revisit the measure next session, believing bipartisan cooperation on the issue is possible. 

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With uncertainty surrounding immigration reform at the federal level, a growing number of immigration reform proposals are being made at the state level, many of which borrow measures from Arizona’s controversial SB 1070. Examples of recent immigration enforcement proposals include:

• A group of Republican lawmakers in Colorado, some of whom traveled to Arizona to learn more about its approach to immigration legislation, are discussing what should be included in immigration-related bills to be introduced in early 2011. One bill is expected to require Colorado employers to use E-Verify.
• In Florida, a senator has introduced a bill that would allow law enforcement officers—during a lawful detention or arrest—to ask for immigration documents if the officer suspects the detainee may be in the country illegally. The bill prohibits officers from using race as a reason for checking the detainee’s documentation.
• In Nevada, an assembly member has asked the state’s Legislative Counsel Bureau to draft a bill based on Arizona’s SB 1070; another assembly member has requested a bill requiring state employers to use E-Verify.
• Two senators in South Dakota are drafting a bill that would prohibit providing transportation or lodging to an individual known to be in the United States illegally. The bill also would prohibit illegal immigrants from asking for employment.
• In California, proponents of an SB 1070-style initiative have started collecting signatures in an effort to put the initiative on the February or June 2012 ballot.

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The Fresno Bee reports that some employers, particularly within the agriculture industry, will not use E-Verify, the federal electronic employment verification system, to authenticate new hires’ legal work status. Relying on figures provided by the federal government, the paper states that “[o]ut of thousands of businesses in Fresno, for example, only 179 use the program… although those numbers don't account for businesses that contract with personnel companies using the program.” Businesses cite two main reasons for their non-participation in E-Verify: (1) administrative burden; and (2) a shortage of available legal workers.

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President Obama, along with Senator Robert Menendez (D–NJ) and Representatives Luis Gutierrez (D–IL) and Nydia Velazquez (D–NY), is pushing for a vote this year on the Development, Relief and Education for Alien Minors Act (DREAM Act), The Wall Street Journal reports. The president has agreed to make calls to Republican lawmakers seeking support for the legislation.

Given the administration’s past lack of success in advancing immigration legislation, coupled with strong opposition from Republicans (some of whom oppose the path to citizenship the Act creates), many doubt whether this effort will gather enough votes to advance the bill. Supporters, however, believe that passage of the Act, compared to comprehensive reform, may be possible.

The DREAM Act (S. 729), which Senator Dick Durbin (D–IL) introduced in March 2009, has remained idle in the Senate Judiciary Committee. Prior Senate votes on bills onto which legislators hoped to attach the DREAM Act have failed. As previously reported here, Senate Majority Leader Harry Reid unsuccessfully attempted to attach the Act to a defense spending bill on September 21, 2010. One week later, Senators Menendez and Leahy (D–VT) incorporated the Act into their comprehensive immigration reform bill (S. 3932), which, like the DREAM Act, remains in committee.

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On September 29, 2010, Senator Orrin Hatch (R–UT) introduced the “Strengthening Our Commitment to Legal Immigration and America’s Security Act” (S.3901) (pdf). The bill is the third notable piece of immigration legislation introduced last week, together with the comprehensive immigration reform bill introduced by Senators Menendez and Leahy, and Senator Chambliss’ HARVEST Act (relating to agricultural workers). Senator Hatch’s bill addresses numerous immigration enforcement topics, and notable provisions include:

• Illegal aliens could only be paroled or granted deferred action on a case-by-case basis (for urgent humanitarian reasons or significant public benefit). Mass paroles and deferrals would be prohibited.
• Any state, county, city, or township that is eligible to participate in the Secure Communities program or to cross-designate local law enforcement officers to perform immigration law enforcement functions under section 287(g) (pdf) and does not participate in such programs may not receive compensation for incarceration expenses of illegal aliens.
• Individuals known or reasonably believed to be members of a known criminal organization regularly engaged in transnational criminal activity would be ineligible for visas.
• Elimination of the Diversity Visa Program, unless Congress signs off on changes designed to combat fraud and eliminate abuse in the program.
• Annual reporting by the Secretary of Health and Human Services on welfare benefits provided to states, and the portion thereof provided to illegal immigrants.
• Limiting states’ expansion of the Children’s Health Insurance Program (CHIP) coverage to noncitizen children or noncitizen pregnant women.
• Requiring the IRS to notify Social Security number holders if the agency suspects fraudulent use of their number for employment verification purposes.

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On September 29, 2010, Senators Robert Menendez (D–NJ) and Patrick Leahy (D–VT) introduced “The Comprehensive Immigration Reform Act of 2010” (S. 3932). According to Senator Menendez, the bill “addresses long-standing, wide-ranging flaws in the immigration system that have been priorities of groups on each side of the immigration reform debate.” The bill was introduced shortly before Congress adjourned for its mid-term election recess. As reported by The Hill, Senator Menendez defended his timing for introducing the bill by stating that it could lead to possible “lame-duck movement” on the legislation, and in the longer term it serves as an "invitation to bring Republican colleagues to discussion" on immigration reform.

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Politico reports that candidates in 20 (out of 37) of this year’s gubernatorial races favor tough anti-immigration measures, be they a Democrat, Republican, or third-party candidate. Not all initially campaigned in support; however, conversion is unsurprising given candidates’ desire to secure the confidence, and votes, of an electorate that, recent polling data suggests, increasingly favors tougher immigration laws.

Jobs remain scarce, benefits are decreasing, and supporters of strict immigration laws believe such measures will improve the outlook for both. Moreover, many voters are dismayed by the stalled federal immigration reform and, accordingly, are pressing state officials to take up the legislative mantle. Politico anticipates that, if these candidates prevail, there will be a surge of legislation mandating that employers use E-Verify to authenticate workers’ legal status, as well as of legislation concerning immigration status in relation to drivers’ licenses, public assistance, and education.

Image credit: 3dbrained

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Senator Jeff Merkley (D–OR), who has been working with Sen. Charles Schumer (D-NY) on a comprehensive immigration bill, does not expect action on immigration reform this year, according to The Hill. The senator’s statement exemplifies the on-again, off-again relationship that legislators have with immigration reform. Below is a brief recap of comprehensive immigration reform developments so far in 2010:

• February: Although immigration reform was a staple of President Obama’s campaign and early-term rhetoric, his State of the Union Address contained only one sentence on the topic.
• March: Senators Schumer and Lindsey Graham (R–SC) unveiled their “blueprint” for comprehensive reform.
• April: Senate Majority Leader Harry Reid (D–NV) predicted that the issue would not be addressed until after Memorial Day.
• June: President Obama urged Republicans to work with Democrats to pass a bill.
• July: In a keynote speech at American University’s School of International Service, President Obama pressed for immigration reform.
• August: A spokesperson for Senator Dick Durbin (D–IL), who introduced the Development, Relief and Education for Alien Minors Act (the "DREAM Act") (pdf), legislation to help students who immigrated to the U.S. as children obtain citizenship, reportedly said that comprehensive immigration reform is still possible in 2010.

Meanwhile, some state and local governments have attempted to fill the void they believe is created by federal inactivity on immigration reform, with Arizona attracting the most attention.

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Although some contend a comprehensive immigration bill is not probable as midterm elections near, President Obama has urged Republican lawmakers to work with Democrats in passing a law that would create an “orderly, fair, humane immigration framework in which people are able to immigrate to this country in a legal fashion,” reports Reuters. President Obama’s request followed his ordering 1,200 National Guard troops to Arizona’s border with Mexico, which he contends will not alone solve the problem.

The troop deployment was met with mixed reviews. Senator John McCain (R-AZ) contends that a deployment of at least 6,000 troops is necessary. Some view the move as an attempt by the president to show Republicans and centrist Democrats that he is serious about immigration, while certain Latino activists contend that it is merely a political gesture and will only negatively impact their community.

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A 26-page outline of a new proposed immigration overhaul bill would require all employers to use a newly-created Biometric Enrollment, Locally-stored Information, and Electronic Verification of Employment (BELIEVE) System as a means of verifying employee work authorization. Within 18 months of the proposed bill’s enactment, the Social Security Administration would be required to issue biometric social security cards, which within five years would serve as the only acceptable document employers could use for employment verification purposes. The proposal also calls for a 300 percent increase in monetary fines against employers that knowingly hire illegal workers, and enhanced civil and criminal penalties against employers that engage in egregious labor violations involving unauthorized workers. To learn more about the proposal and the potential implications for employers, please continue reading at Littler's D.C. Employment Law Update blog.

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The Hill reports that, although Senator Harry Reid (D-Nev.) has been focusing on immigration reform on the campaign trail during the past few weeks, he predicts that the Senate will not address the issue until after Memorial Day. Instead, he stated that the Senate’s focus during the coming several weeks will be on legislation concerning jobs, food safety, campaign spending and financial regulation, as well as on moving forward with a number of stalled Presidential nominees.

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Last Thursday, Senators Charles Schumer (D-NY) and Lindsey Graham (R-SC) released a framework for comprehensive immigration reform. Although a bill has yet to be introduced, the Senators outlined their “four pillar” reform strategy in a Washington Post opinion column. This plan would include “requiring biometric Social Security cards to ensure that illegal workers cannot get jobs; fulfilling and strengthening our commitments on border security and interior enforcement; creating a process for admitting temporary workers; and implementing a tough but fair path to legalization for those already here.” For more information on this development, please continue reading at Littler's Washington D.C. Employment Law Update blog.

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The Wall Street Journal reports that a mandatory biometric identification card for U.S. citizens and legal residents could be included in a comprehensive immigration reform bill being spearheaded by Senators Charles Schumer (D-NY) and Lindsey Graham (R-SC). The card would contain standard identifying information, but would also contain a biometric identifier, e.g., fingerprints. Schumer has previously proposed such a card to replace E-Verify, the federal electronic employment verification system.

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Senators John Kerry (D-MA) and Richard Lugar (R-IN) have introduced the StartUp Visa Act of 2010 (S. 3029), which would create a new visa category (EB-6) for foreign entrepreneurs. Foreign entrepreneurs would qualify for a two-year visa upon demonstrating that a qualified U.S. investor will dedicate at least $250,000 to his or her startup venture. Moreover, permanent resident status would be available to EB-6 visa holders after two years upon demonstration that the startup has:

• created five full-time jobs in the United States (excluding employment of the entrepreneur’s spouse or children); and
• secured $1 million in additional investment capital; or
• generated $1 million in revenue.

The bill has been referred to the Senate Judiciary Committee.
 

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In his 2010 State of the Union address, President Obama devoted only a single sentence to immigration reform. As reported by The Washington Post, this cursory treatment of the issue has led to “disillusionment” among immigration advocates. A staple of Obama’s campaign and early-term rhetoric, immigration reform has taken a back seat to health care reform and other issues, such as job creation.

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Congressman Luis V. Gutierrez (D-IL) has unveiled comprehensive immigration reform legislation that would, among other provisions:

• strengthen border security;
• create a streamlined employment verification system;
• amend the visa program to promote the reunification of families;
• establish a commission to recommend changes to the current system of H-1B and H-2B visas for skilled workers;
• impose tougher penalties for employers who hire illegal workers; and
• legalize undocumented immigrants who register with the federal government, pay a $500 fine, learn English, pass background checks, and meet other requirements. Individuals who meet these requirements would then be eligible for a six-year visa and, finally, a green card.

In unveiling the bill, titled The Comprehensive Immigration Reform for America's Security and Prosperity Act of 2009 (CIR ASAP), Gutierrez was joined by a coalition of lawmakers, including the Congressional Hispanic Caucus, Black Caucus, Asian Pacific American Caucus and Progressive Caucus.
 

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On December 9, 2009, Department of Homeland Security (DHS) Secretary Janet Napolitano confirmed her stance that immigration enforcement is a necessity and must be achieved in conjunction with comprehensive reform of the United States’ broken immigration system. Secretary Napolitano stated, "We can no longer perpetuate a status quo that is unacceptable for workers, employers, law enforcement, faith leaders, and America as a whole. We must seize this moment to build a truly effective immigration system that deters illegal immigration, provides effective and enduring enforcement tools, protects workers from exploitation and retaliation, and creates a tough but fair path to legalization for the millions of illegal immigrants already here."

This statement, made at a Senate Judiciary Committee oversight hearing, reiterates the position of the Obama Administration and its intent to present a proposal for comprehensive immigration reform to Congress in early 2010.

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The New York Times reports that the Obama Administration will push to implement immigration reform measures in the first quarter of 2010. Department of Homeland Security Secretary Janet Napolitano indicated today in an address to the Center for American Progress that immigration reform will be put on the political agenda early in 2010. Napolitano sent a clear message to Congress that it should be ready for movement on immigration. Specifically, Napolitano referred to a "three-legged stool" approach that will incorporate tougher enforcement laws aimed at employers and illegal immigrants, a streamlined system for legal immigration, and a stringent process to allow illegal immigrants to become legal. It is anticipated that the Administration's focus on securing the border and targeting employers that hire undocumented workers will substantially increase while the foundation is laid to introduce an immigration reform initiative to Congress.

This entry was written by Ian R. Macdonald.

Photo credit: David Franklin

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Rep. Luis Gutierrez (D-IL), chair of the Congressional Hispanic Caucus Immigration Task Force, has outlined a set of core principles that he plans to include in a comprehensive immigration reform bill. In a press release issued October 13, Gutierrez stated:

We simply cannot wait any longer for a bill that keeps our families together, protects our workers and allows a pathway to legalization for those who have earned it. It is time we had a workable plan making its way through Congress that recognizes the vast contributions of immigrants to this country and that honors the American Dream. I am preparing such a plan, and will introduce it in the near future.

Continue reading about this development on Littler's Washington DC Employment Law Update blog.

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Even with a considerable decrease in H-1B visa applications during the past year (nearly 20,000 visas remain available for 2009, whereas in 2008 over 163,000 applications were submitted within days of the entry period opening), issues surrounding the H-1B program remain very visible, so much so that Computerworld.com has issued a “10 top H-1B stories” list for fiscal year 2009. The following stories made the list:

1. The H-1B and L-1 Visa Reform Act of 2009. The bill would limit, to 50%, the percentage of visa holders a company could employ in its U.S. workforce.
2. Comprehensive Immigration Reform. Senator Charles Schumer (D-NY), chair of the Immigration, Refugees and Border Security subcommittee, is pushing for reform and supports the H-1B program. At a subcommittee hearing, former Fed Chairman Alan Greenspan spoke in favor of the H-1B visa.
3. TARP. Congress placed H-1B restrictions on banks receiving bailout money.
4. USCIS’s Increased Enforcement Efforts. Reports indicate that 20% of H-1B applications have problems, including fraud.
5. H-1B and Wages. A New York University / University of Pennsylvania study found evidence that H-1B workers reduced tech wages by as much as 6%.
6. The Recession. The economic downturn impacted the number of H-1B applications, particularly in the past few months.
7. Department of Justice Charges. The department filed complaints alleging H-1B fraud against a dozen individuals and companies, which some claim was the largest H-1B enforcement action ever taken by the federal government.
8. The Obama Administration. The President has appointed many H-1B supporters. Officials include IT industry leaders who benefit from the program and have argued for the end of H-1B visa restrictions.
9. Legal Challenges. Tech workers challenged President George W. Bush’s decision to extend (from 12 months to 29 months) the duration of student visas, alleging it created a vehicle to side-step H-1B restrictions.
10. The Shrinking IT Job Market. The H-1B visa program is central to the debate about the effects of globalization on the technology job market.

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Examiner.com reports that California’s legislature has passed a non-binding resolution condemning federal immigration policies, practices and enforcement. The resolution, drafted by California State Senator Gilbert Cedillo, urges Congress and President Obama to declare a moratorium on immigration policies and practices until comprehensive immigration reform is enacted.

Although the resolution has no legal effect, opponents contend that a moratorium would negatively impact public safety. Anti-immigration advocates assert that the resolution’s sentiment does not represent that of the majority of Californians and that illegal immigrants would benefit from the proposal.

The resolution notes the financial contributions of immigrants (documented as well as undocumented), while criticizing various actions such as employer audits and, particularly, the E-Verify system. 

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The Dallas Morning News reports that Homeland Security Secretary Janet Napolitano remains optimistic that Congress eventually will pass a bipartisan immigration-policy overhaul bill. However, because the White House and Congress are consumed with healthcare legislation, Napolitano could not predict when a bill would be introduced. Nevertheless, she believes the process will be less contentious than previous attempts during the Bush administration.

Napolitano stated that immigration legislation needs to focus on the following:

• Developing or strengthening penalties for employers that repeatedly hire illegal immigrants;
• Countering new tactics used by human traffickers and money launderers to exploit the border;
• Developing programs that allow seasonal workers to enter the U.S. legally; and
• Updating the visa process so that students with skills needed by the U.S. can remain in the country.

Napolitano expressed her opposition to amnesty, stating that she favors an approach allowing illegal immigrants to pay fines and taxes without incurring criminal liability.

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BusinessWeek reports that a troubled economy coupled with domestic concerns about jobs being lost to legal, and illegal, immigrants or through outsourcing make immigration reform a difficult campaign promise for President Obama to keep. Although Obama reaffirmed his commitment to the issue last week while meeting with pro-immigrant activists, his efforts might be stymied by a bill—co-sponsored by his former Illinois colleague, Senator Dick Durbin—that seeks to significantly limit the issuance of H-1B visas. Conversely, legislation that will be unveiled in the upcoming months by Senator Charles Schumer is expected to garner Obama’s support.

The debate comes at a time when immigration is in decline. The number of foreigners immigrating for school or work has decreased, and many presently residing in the U.S. are electing to leave because of a poor job market and visa hassles. As we noted earlier this month, more than one-third of H-1B visas for fiscal year 2009 remain available.

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The Los Angeles Times has reported that President Obama believes immigration reform is unlikely this year and that it must wait until 2010. Although promises of immigration reform during his first year in office were made during the campaign—and high-ranking legislators predicted reform could occur in 2009—current pressing matters, such as economic recovery and healthcare reform, have forced the administration to reprioritize. The delay is upsetting to advocates who suggest that immigration reform will not be as complex and time-consuming as the administration appears to believe.

President Obama made his statement about immigration reform while in Mexico meeting with his NAFTA counterparts, Mexican President Felipe Calderon and Canadian Prime Minister Stephen Harper. Other topics discussed at the meetings were the “Buy American” provisions of the stimulus package and the United States’ restrictions on Mexican truckers.

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The New York Times reports that President Obama’s approach to immigration enforcement has remained similar to that of his predecessor. Employee paperwork audits have been conducted at hundreds of businesses and prosecutions for immigration violations have increased. E-Verify, the federal program that allows employers to check applicants’ work authorization status, has been expanded, as has a cooperative program between federal, state, and local officials that runs immigration checks on individuals booked at certain local jails.

The reliance on holdover policies has upset immigrant and Latino advocates, key supporters of Obama’s election, who believed the new administration would take a different, less harsh approach. Although administration officials state that they have backed away from unpopular mass factory roundups of illegal immigrants, advocates contend that the administration’s continuation of existing programs will result in further ethnic profiling and civil rights violations.

As previously discussed, Democrats are planning to introduce an immigration reform bill sometime this year or in early 2010. Anticipating a legislative battle, influential party members have suggested members alter their language when discussing the issue—e.g., abandoning the term “undocumented” in reference to illegal immigrants—to demonstrate their commitment to preventing illegal immigration and strengthening immigration enforcement.

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Senator Charles Schumer (D-NY) said he expects a comprehensive immigration reform bill to be completed by the end of this year, or early next year. According to Schumer, the bill will focus on increasing the number of highly skilled foreign workers in the U.S. and getting tougher on illegal immigration.

While business seeks to expand the skilled employee pool, particularly in the technology sector, unions have generally been against increased foreign labor. However, AFL-CIO and Change to Win, two prominent unions, came out earlier this year in favor of immigration reform, which they previously opposed. To appeal to both sides, Senator Schumer believes legislators will need to bridge the gap between them. "I think one of the ways to bridge it is to look at the different areas of labor and where there are shortages and where there are not and where just workers are being brought in for exploitive purposes — broadly put meaning just get lower wages — rather than having a shortage," Schumer said.
 

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Senator Charles Schumer (D-NY), chairman of the Senate Judiciary subcommittee on immigration, has strongly criticized the E-Verify system and proposes replacing it with a biometric-based federal employment verification system. As reported by Workforce Management, Schumer has called E-Verify “unfair” because it singles out individuals with Hispanic surnames and “ineffective” because unauthorized workers can slip through the system by using stolen Social Security numbers and fake IDs.

However, it is far from certain that Schumer’s plan to scrap E-Verify will succeed. The House recently approved a homeland security appropriations bill that includes a two-year reauthorization of E-Verify, and it also has approved redirecting $50 million of the DHS budget to the U.S. Customs and Immigration Services for E-Verify enhancements.

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President Barack Obama has asked Homeland Security Secretary Janet Napolitano to meet regularly with members of Congress in order to systematically resolve various immigration issues, including treatment of the 12 million illegal immigrants currently in the country and prevention of illegal immigration going forward. As reported by Reuters, statements by Obama and by various lawmakers emphasize the urgent need to enact immigration reforms soon.

Following a recent meeting with Republican and Democratic lawmakers, Obama told the press, “Despite our inability to get this passed over the last several years, the American people still want to see a solution.” Also following the meeting, Senator Charles Schumer (D-NY) stated that Obama has set a goal of passing legislation by the end of 2009 or early 2010. Senator Lindsey Graham (R-SC) stated that, due to the political heat caused by immigration issues, he sees only “one more chance” to enact legislation:

If we can't get it done this time around, no politician is going to take this up in a generation. That would be a shame for this country.

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Senator Charles Schumer (D-NY), the new chairman of the immigration subcommittee, strongly supports introducing "forgery-proof" worker identification cards, which would be secured with fingerprints or other biometric data. Schumer, who is heading the Senate’s efforts to draft comprehensive immigration reform legislation, has stated that such an ID card would be the best method of confirming that workers are authorized. As reported in The Los Angeles Times, Schumer is likely to present the worker ID card plan at an upcoming hearing on employee verification systems.

In his book Positively American (published in 2007), Schumer wrote: “The ID will make it easy for employers to avoid undocumented workers, which will allow for tough sanctions against employers who break the law, which will lead to no jobs being available for illegal immigrants, which will stop illegal immigration. …. Once Americans are convinced that we will permanently staunch the flow of illegal immigration, they will be more willing to accept constructing a path toward earned citizenship for those who are already here.”

Although some business and community organizations support the concept of a worker ID card, others argue that the cards would violate privacy rights and civil rights.

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The Senate Judiciary Committee held a hearing regarding Sen. Patrick Leahy’s (D-VT) proposal to allow U.S. citizens and legal immigrants to seek residency for their same-sex partners. As reported by The New York Times, Sen. Leahy has said that his initiative, contained in the Uniting American Families Act (S. 424), should be included in any comprehensive immigration legislation that Congress considers.

Currently, family unification provisions allow American citizens and legal residents to petition for residency for their spouses. Same-sex couples, however, cannot petition for partners; as a result, immigrant partners are at risk of deportation. The Uniting American Families Act would add the term “permanent partner” to immigration law provisions that refer to married couples and would legally define that term. Opponents of Sen. Leahy’s proposal argue that it would facilitate immigration fraud because it would be difficult for immigration officers to determine whether same-sex couples actually had an established relationship.

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Som Mittal, president of Nasscom, the industry association representing Indian software and IT services firms, recently met in Washington, D.C. with various U.S. government officials and representatives of trade organizations. In an interview with InformationWeek, Mittal stated that he was in D.C. "to provide perspective on the Durbin-Grassley bill," bipartisan legislation aimed at preventing abuse and fraud in the H-1B and L-1 visa programs. Based on his meetings, Mittal said he thinks that the Obama administration and Congress are likely to consider H-1B and L-1 provisions as part of broader immigration reforms, perhaps later this year.

Mittal also noted that, from his perspective, the H-1B and L-1 visa programs should be considered matters of trade policy rather than immigration, stating: “Our data shows that [H-1B visa holders] stay in the U.S. less than two years.” He further commented:

Other countries, including the U.K., France, Germany, Japan, and India provide work permits to bring in foreign workers temporarily. It's not about immigration, it's about trade.

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Former Federal Reserve Chairman Alan Greenspan, appearing before a Senate subcommittee, commented that illegal immigrants make a “significant” contribution to U.S. economic growth by increasing the flexibility of the workforce. As reported at Bloomberg.com, Greenspan also spoke in support of reforming the U.S. immigration laws, calling changes that would create legal avenues for workers to enter the country “badly needed.”

Greenspan was speaking before the Senate Judiciary Subcommittee on Immigration, Refugees and Border Security, which has commenced hearings on revisions to immigration policies. During his remarks, Greenspan also stated that, because U.S. schools do not produce enough skilled workers, the H-1B visa program should be expanded in order to fill the gap with immigrants who hold advanced degrees. 

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Last week Assistant Senate Majority Leader Richard Durbin (D-Ill.) and Sen. Charles Grassley (R-Iowa) introduced legislation that would completely reform the H-1B and L-1 visa guest worker programs. The H-1B and L-1 Visa Reform Act (S. 887) aims to close perceived loopholes in the programs that critics argue allow foreign workers to displace qualified Americans seeking the same employment.  Continue reading this entry on Littler's Washington DC Employment Law Update blog.

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Representatives Gabrielle Giffords (D-AZ) and Sam Johnson (R-TX) have introduced a bill that would establish a mandatory electronic verification system to take the place of E-Verify. As reported at Workforce.com, Giffords and Johnson hope their bill, the New Employee Verification Act, will either be the foundation for employment verification in a broader immigration bill or move through Congress on its own.

The proposed legislation would:

• Require all employers to use either the Electronic Employment Verification System (based on the new-hire system used to enforce child support payments) or the Secure Electronic Employment Verification System (which would authenticate an employee’s identity using biometric information). Data for recently hired employees would be checked against Social Security and Department of Homeland Security databases to determine work eligibility.
• Eliminate the I-9 immigration form.
• Establish civil and criminal penalties for employers that knowingly hire illegal immigrants.
• Establish federal preemption of state laws on employment verification.
• Require that the Social Security database, which has a 4.1% error rate, be cleaned up before the new system takes effect.

Giffords and Johnson have collaborated on the legislation with The HR Initiative for a Legal Workforce, which is led by the Society for Human Resource Management.

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Leaders of the AFL-CIO and Change to Win labor federations have announced a proposed framework for reforming the U.S. immigration system, a key feature of which is the formation of an independent commission to evaluate how many immigrants should be admitted to fill temporary and permanent jobs without displacing U.S. workers. As reported in The Wall Street Journal, the unions contend that the current visa levels are outdated and often keep immigrant workers in temporary status, with fewer benefits and job protections. Business groups, however, argue that temporary worker programs do not put immigrant workers at a disadvantage and are effective. In particular, business groups argue that temporary worker programs are essential to filling labor-intensive, low-skill jobs (such as in the agricultural sector).

The announcement of the proposed framework could lead to renewed debate of immigration issues and provide the Obama administration and congressional Democrats with additional leverage for introducing legislation.

The proposed framework is based on a new report, “Immigration for Shared Prosperity,” written by former Labor Secretary Ray Marshall in coordination with the Economic Policy Institute, a liberal think tank in Washington.
 

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President Barack Obama plans to begin addressing changes to the U.S. immigration system this year, even though he acknowledges that the recession makes the politics involved in this divisive issue even more challenging. As reported in The New York Times, a senior administration official stated that Obama will frame the new effort as “policy reform that controls immigration and makes it an orderly system.”

Without stating specific proposals, officials commented that the Obama administration favors legislation that would:

• bring illegal immigrants into the legal system by acknowledging that they violated the law and imposing fines and other penalties as deemed appropriate; and
• guard against future illegal immigration by strengthening border enforcement and being tough on employers who hire illegal immigrants, while creating a national system for verifying the legal immigration status of new workers.

Obama plans to speak publicly about immigration issues in May, and over the summer he will convene bipartisan working groups, composed of lawmakers and a variety of immigration groups, to begin discussing possible legislation. Administration officials are still debating the precise timing and strategy for the proposed legislation.

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Senators Dick Durbin (D-Ill.) and Chuck Grassley (R-Iowa) plan to reintroduce legislation that would require employers to make a “good faith” effort to hire U.S. citizens over H-1B visa holders, Computerworld.com reports. The two senators introduced a similar bill in March 2007, but that bill died after being folded into a comprehensive immigration reform bill that never went up for a vote.

The bill that Grassley and Durbin proposed in 2007, which they called “The H-1B and L-1 Visa Fraud and Abuse Prevention Act,” will be reintroduced with some changes, but its general outline is expected to remain the same. The 2007 bill would have required employers to advertise job openings for 30 days before submitting H-1B applications for those positions. The bill also sought to prevent employers from hiring H-1B workers and then outsourcing them to other companies.

The widespread layoffs being caused by the economic downturn may increase the chances of success for a new bill. Earlier in 2009, Grassley and Sen. Bernie Sanders (I-Vt.) succeeded at getting H-1B hiring restrictions on financial services firms receiving federal bailout money into the economic stimulus package.
 

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At a meeting attended by all 24 members of the Congressional Hispanic Caucus, President Obama stated his intent to push for a comprehensive immigration overhaul during the first year of his presidency. Although the president was said to have discussed specific timelines for legislation, neither the President nor the attendees disclosed dates for action following their meeting. The White House sought to play down the talks and the substance of the discussions apparently in recognition of how difficult it will be to gain the support needed to pass legislation creating substantial change in immigration policy. Rep. Raul Grijalva, a Democrat from Arizona who attended the meeting, said that President Obama promised to use his executive authority to make some substantive immigration changes soon, without waiting for passage of legislation.

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The global economic crisis has triggered calls in some U.S. policy circles to tighten immigration rules in order to safeguard scarce jobs for American citizens. Yet despite difficult economic conditions, lawmakers should be considering immigration policy revisions based on the country's eventual economic revival, says former Department of Homeland Security (DHS) Secretary Michael Chertoff. In this interview, Chertoff discusses the future of immigration policy, and offers his advice that the U.S. increase communication efforts with the Mexican government to coordinate the legal flow of migrant workers to the United States.

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Representatives John Shadegg (R-AZ), Jeff Flake (R-AZ), and Ed Pastor (D-AZ) have sponsored legislation to create a new nonimmigrant visa category for professional nurses called the “W” visa. If passed, the legislation will provide some relief for the country’s healthcare industry, which is experiencing a severe shortage of qualified and available nurses.

The shortage is compounded by the fact that there are not enough students enrolled in U.S. nursing programs to: (1) backfill those positions that are open due to attrition and retirement; and (2) fill the existing positions currently available. According to the proposed Nursing Relief Act of 2009, which cites a Department of Labor Report, the current national nursing shortage exceeds 126,000.

The proposed legislation also reflects what immigration and healthcare professionals have stated for years – current immigration laws do not adequately address the need in this country for qualified nurses and do not provide an adequate visa category and/or quota to help alleviate this need. The Nursing Relief Act of 2009 seeks to address these issues directly and provide the healthcare industry with the ability to overcome this shortage by recruiting, hiring, employing, and retaining qualified nurses regardless of their country of citizenship. To qualify for the proposed new “W” visa, an individual must meet the standard of a “professional nurse” as defined by the state licensing agency, and must be hired to work as a professional nurse for a qualifying U.S. employer. The initial status would be valid for three years and could be extended for an additional three-year period.

This entry was authored by Russell Ford.
 

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In comments to a small group of Hispanic journalists, White House Chief of Staff Rahm Emanuel cited a newly signed law that provides health benefits to legal immigrants’ children as a signal that, in the debate over immigration, “the arrow has begun to point in a different direction.” Emanuel’s comments, as reported at HispanicBusiness.com, refer to a law that increases the number of children covered by the State Children’s Health Insurance Program (SCHIP) from 7 million to 11 million, including--for the first time--children of legal immigrants. Emanuel would not say when Obama might propose comprehensive immigration reform.

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A bill that would amend section 274A(e)(4)(A) of the Immigration and Nationality Act to substantially increase employer penalties for violations was introduced last week by Rep. Sue Wilkins Myrick (R-NC). The 10k Run for the Border Act (H.R. 588) would increase the fines for knowingly hiring or recruiting an undocumented worker, or continuing to employ an illegal alien when the employee’s legal status changes or becomes known. Continue reading entry on Littler's Washington DC Employment Law Update blog.

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The Arkansas Democrat Gazette reports that Arkansas state representative Bill Sample plans to introduce a bill requiring, in part, verification of Social Security numbers prior to the issuance of employee identification cards. Rep. Sample made the following comments about the bill:

It will establish proper guidelines for the issuance of identification cards and documents. ... We're trying to define who can give out identification cards and what those ID cards would state. We don't want those phony ID cards to go out. ... If you give them an ID card, you're responsible to do a little due diligence and make sure that person is in the state legally.

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In the wake of the 2008 elections, the Immigration Policy Center issued a report titled The New Electoral Landscape and What It Means for Immigration Reform: Latinos, Asians, and New Americans Redefine 21st Century American Politics (pdf) analyzing voter turnout and voting patterns among Latinos, Asians, and “New Americans.”   Highlights of the report include the following findings:

• Latinos are a rapidly growing share of the electorate
• Republicans are losing ground among both Latino and Asian voters
• From 2004 to 2008, Republicans lost ground with Latinos in key states
• Even a small Latino electorate can make the difference between victory and defeat in a close election
• Obama won the overwhelming majority of Latino and Asian votes
• Voters in general, as well as Latinos, support comprehensive immigration reform and oppose deportation-only policies

The report concludes:

“Latino, Asian, and New American voter turnout was at an all-time high in 2008. The power of these voters is now undeniable, and immigrant-bashing has become a losing campaign strategy. All signs indicate that the incoming administration and Congress will tackle immigration reform, and that the leadership of the Republican Party is rethinking its position on the issue.”
 

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On January 6, 2009, Senator Harry Reid (D, NV) introduced S. 9, the "Stronger Economy, Stronger Borders Act of 2009" (SESBA), a bill "to strengthen the United States economy, provide for more effective border and employment enforcement, and for other purposes."

In its current form, the bill is a placeholder for comprehensive immigration reform legislation. The introductory remarks of Senator Patrick Leahy (D, VT), however, provide additional insight into the nature and scope of the legislation. Sen. Leahy stated in part, as follows:

Mr. President, as we begin the 111th Congress, we will try, once again, to enact comprehensive immigration reforms that have eluded us in the past several years. With an administration that understands the critical necessity of meaningful reform and that understands the policy failures of the last 8 years, I am hopeful that the new Congress can finally enact legislation consistent with our history as a nation of immigrants.

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According to an Associated Press pre-session survey, a majority of participating Nebraska state legislators support tough policies on illegal immigration. Measures favored by the lawmakers include requiring employers to use the federal employment verification system, E-Verify. See the complete story in the Columbus Telegram.

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